TUGAS SOFTSKILL 3 : ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF INDONESIA & ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
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1. ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF INDONESIA
The
Indonesian Economy since the Old Order to the Present
v Economic System of the Old Order
1
. President Ir . Soekarno
• The
Period of Post-Independence (1945-1950)
Indonesia
does not have an economic system because there are still influences Dutch still
want power . Economic situation is very bad at the beginning of independence ,
partly due to the very high inflation , because the circulation of more than
one currency uncontrollably .
Efforts
are being made to overcome the economic difficulties , among others :
a)
. National Loan Program , finance minister Ir . Surachman with the approval of
BP - KNIP make loans to other countries in July 1946 .
b
) . Attempt to break the blockade by diplomatic rice to India , made contact
with the American private enterprise , and blockade the Dutch in Sumatra, with
the aim to Singapore and Malaysia .
c
) . Economic Conference in February 1946 with the aim of obtaining an agreement
on tackling the problem - urgent economic problems , namely : the problem of
food production and distribution .
d
) . Establishment of Planning Board ( Board Designer of Economics ) on January
19, 1947
e
) . Reconstruction and Rationalization of the Armed Forces ( Rera ) in 1948 by
diverting individual former army into productive fields .
f
) . Kasimo Plan is essentially about self-sufficiency efforts by some practical
guidelines . With self-sufficiency , it is expected the economy will improve.
·
The Period of
Liberal Democracy (1950-1957)
Political systems and economic systems
Indonesian uses the principle - liberal principles . Left to the market economy
, in fact indigenous entrepreneurs are still weak and can not compete with non
- native entrepreneurs . In the end, this system only worsen the economic
condition of the newly independent Indonesia .
Efforts
are being made to overcome the current economic problems , among others :
a
) . Syarifuddin scissors , which cuts the value of the currency ( sanering ) to
reduce the amount of money in circulation in order to level the price drops .
b
) . Programs Fortress ( Natsir Cabinet ) , which is an effort to foster the
spirit of entrepreneurship and encourage indigenous entrepreneurs nationwide
importers to compete with foreign imports company . However, this attempt
failed because of the nature of indigenous entrepreneurs who tend to be
consumptive and can not compete with non - native entrepreneurs .
c
) . Nationalization De Javasche Bank to Bank Indonesia on December 15, 1951
through Act no.24 th 1951 as a function of the central bank and the bank
circulation .
d
) . Ali - Baba economic system ( cabinet of Ali Sastroamijoyo I) , ie raising
cooperation between indigenous Chinese entrepreneurs and businessmen .
Employers are required to provide a non - native exercises to indigenous
entrepreneurs .
e
) . Unilateral cancellation of the results of the KMB , including the
dissolution of the Netherlands-Indonesian Union . As a result, many Dutch
businessman who sold his company while entrepreneurs - indigenous entrepreneurs
have not been able to take over the company - the company .
• The
Period of Guided Democracy (1959-1967)
As a result of the Presidential Decree
of July 5, 1959 , Indonesia runs guided democracy system and the structure of
the Indonesian economy leads to etatisme system ( everything is regulated by
the government ) . Indonesia is expected to bring together in prosperity and
equality in the social , political , and economic ( School of Socialism ) .
However , the economic policies taken by the government in the past has not
been able to improve the state of the Indonesian economy .
Policy
- the policy include:
a)
. Devaluation : on August 25, 1959 the government reduced the value of money as
follows : bills Rp 500 to Rp 50.00 ; USD 1000.00 bill to Rp 100.00 ; and all
bank deposits of more than $ 25,000.00 frozen .
b
) . Declaration of the Establishment of Economics ( Economic Declaration ) to
reach the stage of socialist economy by means of guided Indonesia . In practice
it resulted in the stagnation of the Indonesian economy . Even at 1961-1962
prices of goods - goods rose 400 % .
c
) . Devaluation : on December 13, 1965 the government makes money worth USD
1.000,00 to Rp 1.00 so the new Euro currency should be rewarded 1000 fold
Rupiah long , but in a new community Rupiah appreciated 10 -fold higher .
Government action to reduce the inflation rate actually increases the rate of
inflation .
Failure
to various monetary measures is compounded because the government does not save
money - spending , many projects - lighthouse project of the government , and
also as a result of a policy of confrontation with Malaysia and Western
countries .
v
Economic System
of the New Order
•
The period of the Transitional
Government
2 . President
Soeharto
At the beginning of the new order , when
Soeharto was president of Indonesia SSAT served this economic conditions in
Indonesia is very bad , the level of inflation in our country reached 650 % per
year .
President
Soeharto saai it adds a step that has been done previously by Soekarno and
turns Soeharto succeed in reducing inflation from 650 % to below 15 % in less
than two tender . for inflation meneka so tinngi , Suharto did much different
from previous presidents , he embuat budget , issuing penbankan sector ,
restore economic sectors and embrace country - western neraga to attract
capital .
In
addition Suharto in the 1970s also boost oil extraction and mining . Thus
increasing revenues from oil and gas . From 0.6 % billion in 1973 and now
reaches 10.6 % billion in 1980 . Climax of the policy is ketiaka income from
oil and gas equal to 80 % of the Indonesian export . With this policy ,
Indonesia can advance in development under the new order .
v
Economic System of
Reform Order
3. President
BJ Habibie (May 21, 1998-20 Oktober 1999)
The period was marked by the start of
the Habibie government cooperation with the International Monetary Fund to help
in the economic recovery process . In addition , Habibie also loosen control on
the media and freedom of expression . At the time of presdiden BJ Habibie, who
started the reform period have not made changes significant in economics .
Preferred policies to stabilize the political situation in Indonesia .
President BJ Habibie fall of his government for release of Timor - Timor from
Indonesian region polled .
4. President
KH Abdurrahman Wahid (October 20, 1999-23 July 2001 )
During the leadership of president
Abdurrahman Wahid has been no significant action to rescue the Indonesian
economy from the downturn when there are economic problems inherited new order
must be faced , for example : the problem of corruption ( Corruption ,
Collusion and Nepotism ) , economic recovery , the performance of SOEs ,
inflation control , and maintaining the exchange rate . Occurs and there is
much confusion about future policy perekonomian.Pada Wahid , Indonesia 's credit
rating has fluctuated , from CCC ratings fell to DDD and then climbed back to
the CCC . One of the main causes is the impact of the financial crisis in 1998
that still brought up his government .
• Reign
of Mutual Aid
5.President
Megawati Sukarnoputri (23 July 2001-20 October 2004)
The leadership of Megawati experiencing
urgent problems to be solved , namely economic recovery and law enforcement .
The policies adopted for handling his economic problems , among others :
a
) . Requesting postponement of debt repayment of U.S. $ 5.8 billion in Paris
Club meetings 3rd and allocate foreign debt amounting to Rp 116.3 trillion
b
) . Privatization policy . Privatization is selling companies in the country in
the period of crisis with the aim of protecting the company's state of
political forces intervene and reduce the burden on the state . Proceeds
successfully raised Indonesia's economic growth to 4.1 % . However, this policy
sparked a lot of controversy , because SOEs are privatized sold to foreign
companies . Megawati intend to take the middle ground by selling some state
assets to pay the foreign debt . However , the national debt ballooned anyway
because state revenues from a variety of assets have been lost and state revenues
to be greatly reduced .
·
Reign Indonesia
Unite
6. Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono ( October 20, 2004 - present )
In this period , the government,
especially through Bank Indonesia established four policies to boost national
economic growth , namely :
a ) . BI rate
b
) . The exchange rate
c
) . monetary operations
d
) . Macroprudential policies for the management of liquidity and
macroprudential capital flows
With the above economic policies , the
government is expected to increase the country's economic growth will also
affect the growing prosperity of the Indonesian people .
Yudhoyono 's first controversial policy
is to cut fuel subsidies , which raise the price of fuel . This is motivated by
the rise in world oil prices . Budget subsidies diverted to subsidize the
education and health sectors and fields - fields that support the improvement
of people's welfare .
The second controversial policy , direct
cash assistance ( BLT ) for the poor . Most BLT did not get into the hands of
eligible and divisions create many social problems , such as noisy when the
queue is even led to the loss of someone's life .
Another policy adopted to increase the
per capita income is relying on the development of bulk infrastructure to
encourage economic growth as well as inviting foreign investors with the
promise of improving the investment climate .
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